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NPA and Asset Classification: RBI Guidelines

Complete guide to NPA (Non-Performing Assets) and asset classification. RBI guidelines for NPA recognition, provisioning, and write-off.

GetYourCA Team
8 April 2026·Updated 8 April 20262 min read12.5K views

NPA and Asset Classification: RBI Guidelines#

What is NPA?#

Non-Performing Asset (NPA) is a loan or advance where interest or principal payment remains overdue for a specified period.

Asset Classification Categories#

CategoryDescriptionProvision
StandardRegular repayment0.4% - 1%
Sub-standardNPA for ≤12 months15%
DoubtfulNPA for >12 months25-100%
LossUnrecoverable100%

NPA Recognition Period#

Type of LoanOverdue Period
Cash credits/Overdraft90 days
Term loans90 days
Bills purchased/discounted90 days
Agricultural advances90 days (seasonal: 2 crop seasons)

Provisioning Requirements#

Asset CategoryProvision
Standard Assets0.40% (standard), 1% (higher)
Sub-standard Assets15%
Doubtful - 1 year25%
Doubtful - 1-3 years40%
Doubtful - >3 years100%
Loss Assets100%

NPA Resolution#

  • Restructuring
  • Resolution through IBC
  • Write-off (with RBI approval)
  • Asset reconstruction companies

RBI Circulars on NPA#

  • IRAC norms
  • 5/25 restructuring
  • Sustainable structuring
  • COVID-19 restructuring

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Disclaimer

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